Mastering Password Management in Spring Boot: Your Ultimate Security Guide

Struggling to keep your application’s secrets safe and sound? those pesky database passwords, API keys, and most importantly, your users’ login credentials? It’s a huge challenge, but with Spring Boot, you’ve got some powerful tools at your disposal to make sure everything stays locked down tight. We’re going to walk through how to handle password management like a pro, from securely storing user passwords to protecting your application’s own sensitive configurations.

Before we dive into the nitty-gritty of Spring Boot, let’s talk about managing your personal passwords securely. If you’re tired of juggling countless logins and need a robust solution, you can check out NordPass right here and keep your own secrets safe! It’s a must for digital peace of mind.

By the end of this guide, you’ll understand why it’s so critical to protect your application’s secrets, how to implement solid password hashing for your users, explore advanced solutions like HashiCorp Vault for externalizing configurations, and even build a rock-solid password reset flow. So, whether you’re working on a small project or a large-scale enterprise application, you’ll have the knowledge to make your Spring Boot app secure against common vulnerabilities. Let’s get started!

Why Password Management in Spring Boot is a Big Deal

Think about it: almost every application you build probably needs to store some kind of sensitive information. At the very least, you’ll have user accounts with passwords. But then there are all the other secrets your application needs to function, like database credentials, API keys for third-party services, and maybe even private keys for encryption. If these secrets fall into the wrong hands, it’s not just an inconvenience. it can be a catastrophic data breach. In fact, compromised credentials are a leading cause of security incidents.

Imagine if an attacker got hold of your application’s database password. They could access all your user data, modify it, or even delete it entirely. Not good, right? Or what if a crucial API key for your payment gateway got exposed? That could lead to serious financial fraud. This isn’t just theory. it’s the stuff of daily headlines. Studies consistently show that weak or stolen credentials are at the root of a significant percentage of cyberattacks. For instance, a report from Verizon found that stolen credentials were involved in 49% of all breaches .

In the world of Spring Boot, where you’re building robust, often internet-facing applications, protecting these secrets isn’t an afterthought—it has to be foundational. We need strategies to ensure that even if parts of your system are compromised, the most sensitive data remains safe. This means never storing passwords or secrets in plain text, making them hard to discover, and ensuring they’re only accessible when absolutely necessary. It’s about building layers of defense, because relying on just one protective measure is like leaving your front door unlocked with a tiny “do not enter” sign on it.

Hashing User Passwords with Spring Security

When it comes to user passwords, there’s one golden rule that everyone—and I mean everyone—needs to follow: never, ever store plain text passwords in your database. If you’re still doing this, please, for the sake of your users and your application’s reputation, stop right now. It’s one of the biggest security mistakes you can make. If your database gets breached, all those passwords are immediately compromised, and attackers can use them to log into your users’ accounts everywhere else. Your Password Predicament: Why We Need a Better System

The Golden Rule: Never Store Plain Text Passwords

Seriously, this can’t be stressed enough. Think of it like this: if you wrote your house key on a sticky note and stuck it to your front door, that’s essentially what storing plain text passwords is like. When a breach happens, it’s not a matter of “if” those passwords will be used maliciously, but “when.” Many users reuse passwords across multiple sites, so a leak from your app could compromise their bank, email, and social media accounts too. That’s a huge responsibility to carry.

Introducing PasswordEncoder

So, what’s the solution? We use hashing. Hashing is a one-way process that transforms your user’s plain text password into a fixed-length string of characters, called a hash. The key here is “one-way”—you can’t easily reverse a hash to get the original password back. When a user tries to log in, you take their entered password, hash it, and then compare that hash to the one stored in your database. If they match, the user is authenticated. If not, access denied. Easy, right?

Spring Security, which is pretty much the go-to framework for securing Spring Boot apps, makes this incredibly easy with its PasswordEncoder interface. This interface defines the encode method to transform a plain password into its hashed form and the matches method to compare a plain password with an already encoded one.

Let’s look at the most common and recommended implementations:

• BCryptPasswordEncoder: This is probably the most widely used PasswordEncoder and a fantastic choice for hashing passwords. BCrypt isn’t just a simple hash function. it’s designed to be deliberately slow and computationally intensive. Why slow? Because that makes it much harder for attackers to perform “brute-force” attacks trying millions of passwords per second or “rainbow table” attacks. It also automatically handles salting for you. Salting means adding a random string of characters the “salt” to each password before hashing it. This ensures that even if two users have the same password, their hashes will be different, further protecting against rainbow table attacks. You can even tune its “strength” or “cost factor” to adjust how slow it is, typically aiming for around 1 second to verify a password on your system. Is a Password Manager Worth It for Your Small Business? Let’s Talk Reddit!

• DelegatingPasswordEncoder: While BCryptPasswordEncoder is excellent, the world of security best practices is always . What’s considered secure today might be less secure tomorrow. That’s where DelegatingPasswordEncoder comes in. Introduced in Spring Security 5.0, it’s designed to solve this problem by ensuring that passwords are always encoded using the current password storage recommendations. It allows you to use multiple encoding algorithms simultaneously, identifying them by a prefix in the stored hash like {bcrypt}. This means you can upgrade to newer algorithms without forcing all your users to reset their passwords immediately. Spring can still validate old hashes while new user registrations get the latest and greatest. It’s Spring’s recommended approach for a reason—it keeps your application’s password security future-proofed.

Setting Up PasswordEncoder in Spring Boot

Setting up a PasswordEncoder in your Spring Boot application is pretty straightforward. You typically define it as a Spring @Bean in your security configuration.

Here’s a quick example:

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean.
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration.
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder.
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder.

@Configuration
public class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder {
        // You can configure the strength default is 10
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder12. // A strength of 12 is a good starting point
    }
}

With this, Spring Security will automatically pick up your BCryptPasswordEncoder and use it for user authentication. When you’re saving a new user’s password, you’d simply inject the PasswordEncoder and call its encode method:

@Service
public class UserService { The Ultimate Guide to Password Managers for SJDC Students & Staff

 private final UserRepository userRepository.
 private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder.

 public UserServiceUserRepository userRepository, PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder {
     this.userRepository = userRepository.
     this.passwordEncoder = passwordEncoder.

 public User registerNewUserUserRegistrationDto registrationDto {
     User user = new User.
     user.setUsernameregistrationDto.getUsername.
     user.setEmailregistrationDto.getEmail.
     // Encode the password before saving!
     user.setPasswordpasswordEncoder.encoderegistrationDto.getPassword.
     return userRepository.saveuser.

And for login, Spring Security handles the matching process for you automatically when you use its built-in authentication mechanisms. If you’re implementing custom authentication, you’d use passwordEncoder.matchesrawPassword, encodedPasswordFromDB.

Externalizing Configuration: Keeping Secrets Out of Code

we’ve got user passwords covered. But what about all the other sensitive bits your application needs? Database connection URLs, API keys for Stripe or Twilio, secret keys for JWTs, and so on. If you’re embedding these directly in your application.properties or application.yml files and then committing them to source control like Git, you’re exposing them. This is a huge no-go! Even if your repository is private, mistakes happen, and a single misconfiguration could make those secrets public. This is a common pitfall, and it’s something we absolutely need to avoid.

Spring Boot is super flexible when it comes to configuration, and one of its best features is externalized configuration. This means you can keep configuration settings separate from your packaged application code. This separation makes your application more flexible, more maintainable, and most importantly, much more secure.

Environment Variables

One of the easiest and most common ways to externalize sensitive information is by using environment variables. Instead of putting your database password directly in application.properties, you’d reference an environment variable. The Password Manager Sheet Template: Is It Really Keeping Your Secrets Safe?

For example, in application.properties:

spring.datasource.url=${DB_URL}
spring.datasource.username=${DB_USER}
spring.datasource.password=${DB_PASSWORD}

Then, when you deploy your application, you set these environment variables in your deployment environment e.g., your server, Docker container, Kubernetes pod, or CI/CD pipeline.

```bash
export DB_URL="jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/myapp"
export DB_USER="myuser"
export DB_PASSWORD="StrongP@ssw0rd!"
java -jar myapp.jar

Spring Boot will automatically pick up these environment variables and inject them into your application. This way, your `application.properties` file remains clean, and your secrets are not in your source code. It's a fundamental step for better security.

# External Property/YAML Files

Another way to externalize configuration is to use external property or YAML files that aren't bundled with your application's JAR. You can tell Spring Boot to import these files using the `spring.config.import` property.

Let's say you have a `db-secrets.properties` file somewhere outside your JAR, perhaps in a secure location on your server:

`db-secrets.properties`:
datasource.password=anotherStrongP@ssw0rd!

Then, in your `application.properties`:

spring.config.import=file:/path/to/your/db-secrets.properties
spring.datasource.password=${datasource.password}

This works well for separating environment-specific configurations. However, remember that these files are still *files*. If someone gains access to your server, they could potentially read these files. While better than being in source control, it's not the ultimate solution for every secret.

# The Problem with "Just Encrypting" in Files

You might be thinking, "What if I just encrypt the sensitive values directly in my `application.properties` file?" Tools like Jasypt Java Simplified Encryption can do this, allowing you to encrypt values like your database password within the property file itself. Your application then decrypts these values at runtime using a master password.

While Jasypt can be a good intermediate step for smaller projects or specific use cases, it introduces a new problem: where do you store the master password for Jasypt? If that master password is hardcoded, an attacker who gets the code can decrypt everything. If it's an environment variable, you're back to relying on environment variables. This highlights the "chicken-and-egg" problem of secret management: how do you secure the key that secures your other secrets?

For truly robust secret management, especially in production or complex distributed systems, you need a dedicated secret vault solution.

 Securing Application Secrets with a Password Vault

When you're building serious applications, especially those deployed in complex environments like cloud platforms or microservices architectures, environment variables and external files might not be enough. That's where a secret vault comes into play. Think of it as a Fort Knox for all your application's sensitive data – not just user passwords, but database credentials, API keys, certificates, and more.

# What is a Secret Vault?

A secret vault is a centralized, highly secure system designed to store, manage, and distribute secrets. It provides an API that applications can use to request secrets at runtime. The beauty of a vault is that it typically offers:

*   Centralized Storage: All your secrets are in one place, making them easier to manage and audit.
*   Encryption at Rest: Secrets are encrypted when stored in the vault, so even if the underlying storage is compromised, the raw data isn't exposed.
*   Dynamic Secrets: Some vaults can generate temporary, on-demand secrets e.g., a database credential that's valid for only a short period. This drastically reduces the risk of long-lived credentials being stolen and reused.
*   Fine-grained Access Control: You can define policies to control *which* applications or services can access *which* secrets, and under what conditions.
*   Auditing: Vaults log every access to secrets, providing a clear audit trail.
*   Eliminates the "Chicken-and-Egg" Problem: While the vault itself needs to be secured and unsealed often manually by operators, applications typically authenticate to the vault using non-secret methods like an AWS IAM role or Kubernetes service account, then get their secrets.

This is a huge step up from simply putting encrypted values in property files because the vault handles the encryption keys internally and provides secure ways for applications to retrieve secrets without ever having to store those keys themselves.

# HashiCorp Vault and Spring Boot Integration

One of the most popular and robust secret vault solutions out there is HashiCorp Vault. It's designed to securely store and tightly control access to secrets, offering a unified interface across different platforms and environments. Many applications, including Spring Boot apps, use it for sensitive data.

Spring Boot has excellent support for integrating with HashiCorp Vault through the Spring Cloud Vault project. This library simplifies the process of connecting your Spring Boot application to a Vault server and fetching secrets.

Here's a high-level overview of how you'd typically integrate HashiCorp Vault with your Spring Boot application:

1.  Set up HashiCorp Vault: First, you'll need a running HashiCorp Vault instance. For local development, you can start it in development mode with `vault server -dev`. Remember, though, that this mode is not for production!
2.  Add Dependencies: In your `pom.xml` for Maven or `build.gradle` for Gradle, you'll add the `spring-cloud-starter-vault-config` dependency.

    ```xml
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-vault-config</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    ```

3.  Configure Spring Boot to Connect to Vault: You'll add properties to your `application.properties` or `application.yml` to tell your Spring Boot app where to find the Vault server and how to authenticate.

    ```properties
    spring.cloud.vault.enabled=true
    spring.cloud.vault.host=127.0.0.1
    spring.cloud.vault.port=8200
    spring.cloud.vault.scheme=http
    spring.cloud.vault.token=<your-vault-root-token-for-dev>
    spring.cloud.vault.application-name=my-spring-app
   *Note: Using a root token directly is only for development. In production, you'd use more secure authentication methods like AppRole, Kubernetes, or AWS IAM roles.*

4.  Store Secrets in Vault: You'd use the Vault CLI or UI to put your secrets into a path that your application can access. For example, storing database credentials at `secret/my-spring-app/database`:

    ```bash
    vault kv put secret/my-spring-app/database username=dbuser password=dbpassword

5.  Retrieve Secrets in Your Spring Boot App: Spring Cloud Vault automatically creates a `PropertySource` from the secrets in Vault. This means you can inject Vault-managed secrets into your Spring beans just like any other property, using `@Value`.

    ```java
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value.
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Component.

    @Component
    public class DatabaseConfig {

        @Value"${database.username}"
        private String dbUsername.

        @Value"${database.password}"
        private String dbPassword.

        public void printDbCredentials {
            System.out.println"DB Username: " + dbUsername.
            // In a real app, you wouldn't print passwords, of course!
            // System.out.println"DB Password: " + dbPassword.
        }

When your application starts, Spring Cloud Vault will reach out to the configured Vault server, authenticate, and pull the secrets for `secret/my-spring-app/database`. These secrets then become available as properties, seamlessly integrated into your Spring `Environment`. This approach keeps sensitive data completely out of your codebase and property files, making your application much more secure.

 Implementing a Secure Password Reset Flow

Almost every application with user accounts needs a "forgot password" feature. It's a lifesaver for users, but it's also a common target for attackers if not implemented carefully. Building a secure password reset flow in Spring Boot involves several steps to ensure that only the legitimate user can reset their password, without exposing any sensitive information.

# The User Journey

Let's quickly outline the typical, secure flow for a user who forgets their password:

1.  User Initiates Reset: The user clicks a "Forgot Password" link on your login page.
2.  Email Submission: They enter their email address associated with their account.
3.  Server-Side Processing & Token Generation: Your Spring Boot application receives the email, verifies if an account exists without revealing if it does or doesn't to prevent "enumeration attacks", generates a secure, time-bound, single-use token, and stores it securely, linked to the user's account.
4.  Email with Reset Link: An email is sent to the user's registered email address, containing a unique link that includes this token.
5.  User Clicks Link: The user clicks the link in the email, which takes them to a "Reset Password" form on your application's front-end.
6.  Token Validation: Your application validates the token from the URL checking if it's expired, if it belongs to a valid user, and if it hasn't been used before.
7.  New Password Submission: If the token is valid, the user enters and confirms their new password.
8.  Password Update: Your application receives the new password, hashes it using your `PasswordEncoder`, updates the user's password in the database, and invalidates deletes or marks as used the reset token.
9.  Success/Login: The user is typically redirected to a "Password Changed Successfully" page or the login page.

# Key Components

To build this in Spring Boot, you'll generally need:

*   REST Endpoints:
   *   One endpoint to handle the initial "forgot password" request e.g., `/api/forgot-password`.
   *   Another endpoint to validate the token and serve the password reset form e.g., `/api/reset-password?token=XYZ`.
   *   A final endpoint to receive the new password and the token for the actual password update e.g., `/api/reset-password`.
*   Token Generation & Storage:
   *   You'll need a mechanism to generate secure, cryptographically strong tokens. `UUID.randomUUID.toString` is a good start.
   *   These tokens must be stored in your database, associated with the user, along with a timestamp for expiration and a flag to mark them as "used" or "invalidated" after one use. This prevents token reuse.
   *   A dedicated `PasswordResetToken` entity and repository would be ideal.
*   Email Service:
   *   You'll need to integrate an email sending service e.g., Spring Mail with an SMTP server, or a third-party service like SendGrid or Mailgun to send the password reset links.
   *   The email content should be clear and professional, instructing the user on what to do.
*   Token Validation Logic:
   *   When the user clicks the link, your application must rigorously validate the token. Check its expiry, ensure it belongs to a known user, and confirm it hasn't been used before. If any of these checks fail, reject the request.
*   Password Update Logic:
   *   Upon successful token validation and new password submission, you'll use your `PasswordEncoder` to hash the new password and save it to the user's account in the database. Crucially, the old password is not needed for this flow since token verification confirms user identity.

# Security Considerations for Reset Flows

This is where many implementations go wrong, so pay close attention:

*   Prevent Enumeration Attacks: When a user submits an email for a password reset, always return a generic success message, regardless of whether the email exists in your system or not. For example, "If an account with that email exists, a reset link has been sent." This prevents attackers from using your "forgot password" endpoint to figure out which email addresses are registered users.
*   Short Token Expiry: Make reset tokens expire quickly, perhaps after 15-30 minutes. The shorter the lifespan, the smaller the window for an attacker to exploit a leaked token.
*   Single-Use Tokens: Each token should be valid for only one password reset attempt. Once used, it should be immediately invalidated in your database.
*   HTTPS is Non-Negotiable: The entire password reset process, especially the pages where users submit their email and new password, must be over HTTPS to encrypt communications and protect against eavesdropping.
*   Secure Email Practices: Ensure your email sending service is secure. Phishing attempts often target password reset emails, so educating users about legitimate emails can help.
*   No Password in Email: Never, ever send the new password or even the old one! in an email. The email should *only* contain the reset link.
*   Rate Limiting: Implement rate limiting on the "forgot password" endpoint to prevent attackers from spamming your users with reset emails or attempting to guess tokens.

 Encrypting Configuration Properties with Jasypt

Let's be real, implementing a full-blown HashiCorp Vault setup can feel like overkill for every single project. Sometimes, you just need a straightforward way to keep a few sensitive properties like that one pesky database password for a small internal tool out of plain sight in your `application.properties` or `application.yml` files, without immediately jumping to a distributed secrets management system. This is where a library like Jasypt Java Simplified Encryption shines.

# What is Jasypt?

Jasypt is a Java library that provides simple and transparent encryption for configuration properties in Spring Boot applications. It's designed to add basic encryption features without requiring you to become a cryptography expert. With Jasypt, you can encrypt sensitive values directly within your configuration files, and your application will decrypt them at runtime.

The core idea is that you'll have an encrypted string in your `application.properties` e.g., `ENCsomeEncryptedValue`, and Jasypt, with a master password that you provide at runtime, will automatically decrypt this value before Spring Boot uses it.

# When to Consider Jasypt

*   Smaller Applications: For projects where setting up a full vault might be too complex or isn't justified by the security requirements.
*   Limited Sensitive Data: When you only have a handful of sensitive properties you want to protect in your configuration files.
*   Development/Testing Environments: It can be useful for protecting secrets in environments where a Vault isn't yet integrated.

However, remember the "chicken-and-egg" problem we talked about earlier: you still need to secure the master password that Jasypt uses for decryption. This master password should *never* be committed to source control and is typically passed as an environment variable or a VM argument when starting your application. If this master password is leaked, all your Jasypt-encrypted values are compromised.

# Basic Steps to Implement Jasypt

Here's a quick run-through of how you'd integrate Jasypt into your Spring Boot application:

1.  Add Jasypt Dependency:
    You'll need to add the `jasypt-spring-boot-starter` dependency to your `pom.xml` or `build.gradle`.

        <groupId>com.github.ulisesbocchio</groupId>
        <artifactId>jasypt-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        <version>3.0.4</version> <!-- Check for the latest version -->

2.  Enable Jasypt in Your Application:
    Annotate your main Spring Boot application class or any `@Configuration` class with `@EnableEncryptableProperties`. This tells Spring Boot to enable Jasypt's property decryption.

    import com.ulisesbocchio.jasyptspringboot.annotation.EnableEncryptableProperties.
    import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.
    import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication.

    @SpringBootApplication
    @EnableEncryptableProperties // Don't forget this!
    public class MySpringBootApp {
        public static void mainString args {
            SpringApplication.runMySpringBootApp.class, args.

3.  Choose a Secret Key Master Password:
    Decide on a strong, secret key that Jasypt will use to encrypt and decrypt your properties. This is your master password and is crucial.

4.  Encrypt Your Values:
    You can encrypt individual strings using Jasypt's command-line tool or an online utility provided by Jasypt. For example, to encrypt `myDatabasePassword`:

    java -jar jasypt-spring-boot-cli.jar encrypt.sh input=myDatabasePassword password=myJasyptMasterKey algorithm=PBEWithMD5AndDES
    This command would output an encrypted string like `ENCsomeRandomEncryptedStringHere`.

5.  Add Encrypted Key to Configuration File:
    Now, in your `application.properties` or `application.yml`, wrap the encrypted value with `ENC`.

    spring.datasource.password=ENCsomeRandomEncryptedStringHere

6.  Provide the Master Password at Runtime:
    When you run your Spring Boot application, you need to provide Jasypt with the master password you used for encryption. This is typically done via a VM argument or an environment variable.

    java -Djasypt.encryptor.password=myJasyptMasterKey -jar your-app.jar

When your application starts, Jasypt intercepts the `spring.datasource.password` property, sees the `ENC` prefix, and uses the provided `jasypt.encryptor.password` to decrypt the value before Spring Boot uses it. It's a neat way to add a layer of protection to your configuration files, but always remember the critical importance of securing that master password!

 Best Practices: A Quick Checklist

Phew, we've covered a lot! To wrap things up, here's a quick checklist of best practices to keep your Spring Boot application's passwords and secrets locked down:

*   Always Hash User Passwords: Never store plain text passwords. Use `PasswordEncoder` for one-way hashing.
*   Embrace `DelegatingPasswordEncoder`: Leverage Spring Security's `DelegatingPasswordEncoder` to future-proof your password hashing strategy and gracefully handle algorithm changes.
*   Externalize All Sensitive Configurations: Get database credentials, API keys, and other secrets out of your source code. Environment variables are a great starting point, but consider dedicated secret management for production.
*   Consider a Secrets Management Solution like Vault for Production: For critical applications, microservices, or cloud deployments, HashiCorp Vault or a cloud provider's equivalent like AWS Secrets Manager is the gold standard for managing application secrets securely.
*   Implement Secure Password Reset Flows: Follow the multi-step process for password resets, including secure token generation, single-use tokens, time limits, and generic error messages to prevent enumeration attacks.
*   Keep Spring Security Up-to-Date: Regularly update your Spring Boot and Spring Security dependencies to benefit from the latest security patches and best practices.
*   Enable HTTPS Everywhere: Encrypt all communications between clients and your server using HTTPS. This is fundamental for protecting credentials in transit.
*   Regular Security Audits: Don't just set it and forget it. Regularly review your application's security posture, including how you handle passwords and secrets.

By adopting these practices, you're not just coding. you're building a fortress around your application's most vulnerable points. Keep learning, keep securing, and your users and your peace of mind will thank you!

 Frequently Asked Questions

# What is the most secure way to store user passwords in Spring Boot?
The most secure way to store user passwords in Spring Boot is to use a strong, one-way hashing algorithm with a salt. Spring Security's `DelegatingPasswordEncoder`, which by default uses `BCryptPasswordEncoder`, is highly recommended. You should never store plain text passwords.

# How can I externalize sensitive configuration like database passwords in Spring Boot?
You can externalize sensitive configurations in Spring Boot primarily through environment variables or external `.properties`/`.yml` files using `spring.config.import`. For more robust solutions, especially in production, integrating with a dedicated secrets management system like HashiCorp Vault is the best practice.

# What is HashiCorp Vault and why is it used with Spring Boot?
HashiCorp Vault is a centralized secret management system that securely stores and distributes sensitive data like API keys, database credentials, and certificates. It's used with Spring Boot via Spring Cloud Vault to provide a secure, auditable, and dynamic way for applications to access their secrets at runtime, keeping them out of code and configuration files.

# What are the essential steps for building a secure password reset flow in Spring Boot?
A secure password reset flow typically involves: 1 The user requesting a reset via email, 2 The system generating and storing a secure, time-bound, single-use token, 3 Sending an email with a unique reset link containing the token, 4 Validating the token upon user click, and 5 Allowing the user to set a new password, which is then hashed and stored, while the token is invalidated. Always provide generic messages to prevent enumeration attacks.

# Can I encrypt properties directly in my `application.properties` file in Spring Boot?
Yes, you can use libraries like Jasypt Java Simplified Encryption to encrypt sensitive properties directly within your `application.properties` or `application.yml` files. Your Spring Boot application, when configured with Jasypt and provided with a master password, will decrypt these values at runtime. However, remember to securely manage the master password itself, ideally as an environment variable, and don't commit it to source control.

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