When it comes to enhancing your living space, wall art painting is a fantastic way to infuse personality, color, and depth into any room.
To kick things off, think of it as a strategic intervention for bland walls, turning them into dynamic focal points that tell a story or evoke a mood.
Whether you’re aiming for a cozy reading nook or a vibrant gathering space, the right piece of wall art painting can transform the entire vibe.
You might be wondering about wall art painting ideas, or perhaps where to find quality wall art painting for living room.
The good news is, there’s a vast ocean of options, from abstract expressions to intricate designs, available through various channels including online galleries and local artisans.
For those keen on dabbling in digital art or refining their painting skills before hitting the canvas, software like Corel Painter offers incredible versatility.
You can even grab a deal with a 👉 Corel Painter 15% OFF Coupon Limited Time FREE TRIAL Included to experiment with different styles and techniques.
This exploration can be incredibly fulfilling, allowing you to create personalized wall art painting canvas pieces that truly resonate.
If you’re looking for wall art painting near me, a quick search will often reveal local studios or even community art projects that could spark your creativity.
Beyond just aesthetics, well-chosen wall art painting can influence mood, making a room feel larger, cozier, or more energetic.
The process is about discovering what resonates with your personal aesthetic and how you want your home to feel, ultimately making your space a more inviting and beautiful reflection of you.
The Transformative Power of Wall Art Painting
Wall art painting is far more than mere decoration. it’s a powerful tool for transforming spaces, influencing mood, and expressing personal style. A well-chosen piece can serve as the focal point of a room, drawing the eye and setting the tone for the entire interior design. Consider how a large, vibrant wall art painting for living room can instantly elevate a space, turning a simple arrangement of furniture into a curated experience.
Defining Your Aesthetic with Wall Art Painting Ideas
Before you even pick up a brush or browse a gallery, it’s crucial to define what speaks to you.
- Abstract Art: Often characterized by its non-representational nature, abstract wall art painting uses color, form, and texture to evoke emotion. It’s perfect for adding a modern, sophisticated touch. Data shows that abstract art is a top choice for contemporary homes, with a 2023 survey indicating over 40% of art buyers prefer abstract pieces for residential spaces.
- Figurative and Portraiture: Human or animal subjects can add a deeply personal and often narrative element to your decor.
- Pop Art and Street Art: For those seeking a more edgy or playful vibe, these styles often incorporate bold colors, iconic imagery, and a sense of urban cool.
The Impact of Scale and Placement for Wall Art Painting Design
The size and placement of your wall art painting are as critical as the artwork itself.
A common mistake is choosing a piece that’s too small for the wall, making it look insignificant.
- Rule of Thumb: For a wall above a sofa, the artwork should be approximately two-thirds the width of the furniture. For a large, empty wall, a single commanding piece of wall art painting design can be more impactful than a cluster of smaller ones.
- Eye Level: Generally, the center of the artwork should be at eye level around 57-60 inches from the floor for comfortable viewing.
- Grouping: If you’re creating a gallery wall, lay out your pieces on the floor first to get a sense of the arrangement before hanging. Leave 2-3 inches between frames for a cohesive look.
Color Psychology in Wall Art Painting
Colors have a profound psychological impact. The hues in your wall art painting can influence the mood of the room and those within it.
- Warm Colors Reds, Oranges, Yellows: These can create an energetic, stimulating, and inviting atmosphere, often used in living rooms or dining areas.
- Cool Colors Blues, Greens, Purples: Known for their calming and soothing effects, ideal for bedrooms, bathrooms, or offices where relaxation or focus is desired.
- Neutrals Grays, Whites, Beiges: Provide a sophisticated backdrop, allowing other elements in the room to stand out, or creating a minimalist, airy feel. A study by Sherwin-Williams in 2022 highlighted that neutral palettes remain consistently popular, accounting for over 55% of residential paint sales.
Exploring Different Mediums for Wall Art Painting Canvas
The medium chosen for a wall art painting canvas significantly influences its texture, appearance, and longevity. Understanding these differences can help you make an informed decision for your space.
Acrylic Wall Art Painting Canvas
Acrylics are versatile and popular among artists and buyers alike.
They dry quickly, are water-soluble when wet, and become water-resistant when dry, making them durable.
- Vibrancy and Versatility: Acrylic paints offer vibrant colors and can be used on various surfaces beyond canvas, including wood, metal, and even fabric. They can mimic the look of watercolors or oil paints depending on how they are applied.
- Durability: Once dry, acrylic paintings are resistant to cracking and fading, making them a long-lasting choice for wall art painting. This resilience contributes to their popularity, with industry reports indicating acrylics hold approximately 35% of the fine art paint market share.
- Maintenance: Easy to clean with a soft, dry cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals.
Oil Wall Art Painting Canvas
Oil paints are renowned for their rich, deep colors and slow drying time, which allows artists to blend colors seamlessly and create nuanced textures.
- Richness and Depth: Oil paintings often possess a unique luminosity and depth of color that is hard to replicate with other mediums. The slow drying time allows for intricate layering and blending techniques.
- Longevity: Properly cared for oil paintings can last for centuries, making them a wise investment. Many classic masterpieces are oil paintings, showcasing their enduring nature.
- Care: Oil paintings require careful handling and should be kept away from direct sunlight and extreme temperature changes. They also benefit from occasional professional cleaning and restoration.
Watercolor Wall Art Painting Canvas
While traditionally used on paper, watercolors are increasingly being adapted for canvas, offering a delicate and ethereal quality. Coreldraw 2020 full version free download
- Transparency and Lightness: Watercolors are known for their translucent quality, allowing for layers of subtle color and a soft, airy feel.
- Technique: Achieving a beautiful watercolor effect on canvas often involves specific primers and techniques to prevent the paint from simply soaking into the fabric.
- Fragility: Watercolor canvas pieces can be more delicate than acrylic or oil and often require framing behind glass to protect them from moisture and dust.
Mixed Media Wall Art Painting Canvas
Mixed media combines various materials and techniques in a single artwork, creating unique textures and visual interest.
- Unlimited Creativity: Artists might incorporate collage elements, pastels, inks, charcoal, or even three-dimensional objects alongside paint, making each piece truly unique.
- Textural Depth: This approach allows for incredible tactile and visual depth, making the wall art painting canvas a multi-sensory experience.
- Customization: If you’re looking for a piece that stands out and incorporates unconventional elements, mixed media is an excellent choice.
DIY Wall Art Painting Ideas on Canvas
Creating your own wall art painting ideas on canvas can be incredibly rewarding, offering a personalized touch to your decor without breaking the bank. Plus, the process itself can be a fantastic way to unwind and express creativity.
Simple Techniques for Beginners
You don’t need to be a professional artist to create beautiful wall art.
Many techniques are accessible to absolute beginners.
- Abstract Pour Painting: This involves mixing acrylic paints with a pouring medium and tilting the canvas to create fluid, organic patterns. It’s surprisingly easy and yields stunning, unpredictable results.
- Geometric Tape Art: Use painter’s tape to create geometric shapes on your canvas. Paint over the tape, and once dry, peel the tape off to reveal crisp, clean lines and shapes. This is a great way to create modern, minimalist wall art painting design.
- Stenciling: Purchase or make your own stencils to apply intricate patterns or motifs onto your canvas. This allows for detailed designs without needing freehand drawing skills.
- Texture Paste Application: Apply texture paste available at art supply stores with a palette knife to create raised, tactile surfaces before painting over them. This adds significant depth and interest.
Essential Supplies for DIY Wall Art Painting
Before you start, gather the right tools.
Quality supplies can make a significant difference in your creative process and the final outcome.
- Canvases: Available in various sizes and shapes, from small squares to large rectangular wall art painting canvas options.
- Paints: Acrylics are highly recommended for beginners due to their fast drying time and easy cleanup.
- Brushes: A basic set with a few different sizes and shapes flat, round, filbert will suffice.
- Palette: A plastic palette, old plate, or even a piece of cardboard works well for mixing paints.
- Protective Gear: Drop cloths or old newspapers to protect your workspace, and an apron for yourself.
- Optional: Painter’s tape, stencils, palette knives, pouring medium, texture paste.
Finding Inspiration for Your Next Piece
Inspiration can come from anywhere. Keep an open mind and a keen eye.
- Nature: Colors of a sunset, textures of wood or stone, patterns in leaves.
- Photography: Use a favorite photo as a reference for color palettes or compositions.
- Home Decor Magazines/Pinterest: Browse for wall art painting ideas that complement your existing decor style.
- Everyday Objects: The patterns on a rug, the design on a coffee mug, or the architecture of a building can all spark an idea.
- Emotional Expression: Sometimes, the best art comes from simply putting your feelings on canvas, letting colors and strokes convey emotion.
Professional Wall Art Painting Services and Careers
Beyond personal projects, the world of wall art painting offers professional services and career paths for talented individuals and businesses specializing in large-scale installations.
Hiring a Professional Wall Art Painter Nearby
If you’re looking to commission a unique piece or a large mural, searching for “wall art painting near me” or “wall art painting nearby” can connect you with local artists and agencies.
- Custom Commissions: Many artists offer custom artwork services, allowing you to specify colors, themes, and dimensions to perfectly match your space and vision.
- Restoration: Specialized professionals can restore damaged or aged paintings, preserving their beauty and value.
Exploring Wall Art Painting Jobs
The demand for skilled painters extends beyond traditional fine art. Several wall art painting jobs exist for those with artistic talent and a knack for design. Digital canvas painting
- Mural Artists: Commissioned for public spaces, businesses, and private residences. This field requires a strong portfolio and the ability to work on large scales.
- Set Painters: Work in theater, film, and television, creating backdrops and scenic elements. This role demands versatility and the ability to work under tight deadlines.
- Decorative Painters: Specialize in faux finishes, trompe l’oeil optical illusion painting, and other decorative techniques to enhance interior spaces. This market has seen consistent growth, with a 3% annual increase in demand for specialized decorative painting services over the last five years.
- Art Instructors: Teach painting techniques in workshops, art schools, or community centers.
- Digital Wall Art Designers: With the rise of digital art, there’s a growing need for artists who can create digital designs for printed wall art, wallpapers, and projection mapping.
The Rise of the Wall Art Painting Machine
Technological advancements have introduced automated solutions for large-scale wall art painting, particularly for murals and commercial applications.
- Efficiency and Precision: A wall art painting machine can quickly and accurately reproduce intricate designs on walls, reducing labor time and ensuring consistency. These machines typically use robotic arms and specialized nozzles to apply paint layer by layer.
- Applications: Commonly used for corporate branding, large-scale public art, and commercial spaces where repetitive patterns or precise logos are required. Some machines can paint an area of 100 square feet in under an hour, a task that would take a human artist several days.
- Limitations: While efficient for certain tasks, these machines lack the nuanced touch, emotional depth, and unique imperfections that define handcrafted art. They are tools for execution, not for conceptual creation.
Integrating Wall Art Painting with Interior Design
Wall art painting is not an isolated element.
It’s an integral component of interior design, capable of tying together disparate elements and creating a cohesive, harmonious space.
Complementing Your Existing Decor
When choosing wall art painting for living room or any other space, consider how it harmonizes with existing furniture, textiles, and architectural features.
- Color Harmony: Pick out colors from your existing decor and find artwork that features those hues, or choose a complementary color scheme to add visual interest. For instance, if your living room has warm beige tones, a piece with cool blue or green accents can create a striking contrast.
- Texture Play: Consider how the texture of the painting complements the textures in your room. A highly textured piece might look fantastic against a smooth wall, or a delicate watercolor could enhance a room with soft fabrics.
Creating Focal Points with Wall Art Painting
A well-placed wall art painting can instantly become the focal point of a room, drawing attention and setting the mood.
- Over Key Furniture: Hanging a significant piece of art over a sofa, bed, or console table naturally anchors the space. A large wall art painting canvas often works best in these scenarios.
- Entryways: A captivating piece in an entryway welcomes guests and gives them a glimpse of your home’s personality.
- Empty Walls: Don’t let large, blank walls intimidate you. They are prime real estate for a dramatic wall art statement. According to design experts, nearly 70% of homeowners prioritize wall decor for adding character to a room.
Lighting Your Wall Art Painting
Proper lighting can dramatically enhance the appearance of your wall art painting, bringing out its colors and textures.
- Picture Lights: These are specifically designed to illuminate artwork, often mounted directly above the frame. They provide focused, even light.
- Track Lighting: Offers flexibility, allowing you to adjust the direction of the light to highlight multiple pieces or change the emphasis.
- Ambient Light: Ensure the room has sufficient overall lighting, but avoid direct sunlight, which can fade artwork over time, especially for sensitive mediums like watercolors. For valuable pieces, consider UV-filtering glass or professional art lighting.
The Cultural and Spiritual Significance of Art from an Islamic Perspective
From an Islamic perspective, while figurative depictions of living beings, especially humans and animals, are generally discouraged in art that is displayed prominently, particularly in places of worship or homes, the broader concept of artistic expression and beauty is deeply valued. The focus shifts from realistic portrayal of animate objects to the celebration of Allah’s creation through abstract forms, calligraphy, and geometric patterns. This approach fosters a rich and meaningful artistic tradition that avoids any association with idolatry or misrepresentation of creation.
The Discouragement of Figurative Imagery
The Islamic tradition discourages the creation and prominent display of images of living beings, especially those of humans and animals, in a manner that could lead to idol worship or detract from the worship of Allah alone.
This includes paintings, sculptures, and even photographs, particularly if they are elevated or revered.
The concern is rooted in preventing polytheism shirk and ensuring that attention is solely directed towards the Creator. Microsoft word download trial
- Reasoning: The primary concern is to close any door that could lead to idolization or the imitation of Allah’s unique ability to create life. Scholars have historically feared that such images could become objects of veneration, as happened with ancient civilizations.
- Hadith: Narrations from the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him emphasize that those who create images of living beings will be challenged on the Day of Judgment to breathe life into their creations, which they will be unable to do. This highlights the seriousness of this prohibition.
- Modern Interpretations: While some contemporary interpretations allow for photography or simplified, non-reverential artistic representations, the general consensus discourages detailed, life-like depictions in wall art painting for display in homes.
Permissible and Praiseworthy Artistic Alternatives
Instead of figurative art, Islamic art has flourished in areas that celebrate the attributes of Allah, the beauty of His creation, and the sanctity of the Quran. These alternatives offer profound aesthetic and spiritual value, making them superior choices for wall art painting in a Muslim home.
- Calligraphy: This is arguably the most revered art form in Islam. Beautifully rendered verses from the Quran, the names of Allah, or wise sayings are highly cherished. Calligraphic wall art painting design is not only aesthetically pleasing but also serves as a constant reminder of faith and devotion. The elegance of Arabic script allows for endless creative interpretations.
- Geometric Patterns: Islamic geometric patterns are marvels of mathematical precision and artistic beauty. They reflect the order and vastness of the universe, symbolizing the infinite nature of Allah. These intricate patterns can be mesmerizing and provide a sense of calm and harmony, making them ideal for wall art painting ideas. Examples include interlacing stars, polygons, and complex tessellations seen in mosques and historical buildings worldwide.
- Arabesque: This art form consists of flowing, intertwined lines, often depicting stylized foliage and floral motifs. Arabesque designs evoke the lushness of Paradise and the organic beauty of nature, all while avoiding any literal depiction of living beings. They convey movement and continuous growth.
Benefits of Permissible Islamic Art in the Home
Choosing permissible forms of art for your home offers numerous benefits beyond mere aesthetics:
- Spiritual Reminders: Calligraphy and meaningful phrases serve as constant reminders of faith, inspiring devotion and mindfulness.
- Tranquility and Contemplation: Geometric and abstract patterns can foster a sense of peace, order, and contemplation, turning your home into a sanctuary.
- Cultural Connection: Embracing these art forms connects individuals to the rich heritage and intellectual tradition of Islamic civilization.
- Avoiding Doubt: By adhering to the guidelines, Muslims can ensure their living spaces are filled with beauty that is pleasing to Allah and free from any potential misguidance.
Ultimately, the goal is to create a home environment that is aesthetically pleasing, spiritually uplifting, and aligned with Islamic principles.
Focusing on permissible art forms allows for immense creativity and beauty, enhancing your living space in a way that truly brings peace and barakah.
The Economic Aspect: Investing in Wall Art Painting
Investing in wall art painting isn’t just about aesthetics. it can also be a sound financial decision. The art market, while sometimes volatile, has historically shown resilience and potential for appreciation, especially for unique pieces.
Understanding Art Market Trends
The art market is influenced by various factors, including global economic conditions, emerging artists, and collector demand.
- Growth: Despite economic fluctuations, the global art market saw sales increase by 4% in 2022 to an estimated $67.8 billion, according to the Art Basel and UBS Global Art Market Report. This indicates a consistent demand for art as an asset class.
- Emerging Artists: Investing in promising emerging artists can yield significant returns if their careers take off. Researching galleries, art fairs, and online platforms specializing in contemporary art can help you identify potential investments.
- Reputation and Provenance: The artist’s reputation, the artwork’s history provenance, and its condition are crucial factors determining its value. A wall art painting canvas by a renowned artist with a clear ownership history will typically command a higher price.
Budgeting for Wall Art Painting
Art comes in all price ranges, making it accessible to various budgets.
- Affordable Options: For budget-conscious buyers, prints limited edition or open edition, posters, and pieces by local, lesser-known artists offer excellent value. Many platforms also offer high-quality digital prints that can be custom framed.
- Mid-Range: Original paintings by established but not world-renowned artists, or larger, more intricate prints, typically fall into this category. You might find great pieces at local galleries or online art marketplaces.
- Investment Pieces: These are typically original works by highly acclaimed artists, often with a significant exhibition history. These pieces can range from thousands to millions of dollars. For instance, a notable sale in 2023 saw a contemporary abstract piece by a celebrated artist fetch over $1.5 million at auction.
Where to Purchase Wall Art Painting
The avenues for acquiring wall art painting are diverse, catering to different preferences and budgets.
- Art Galleries: Offer curated collections, expert advice, and the opportunity to see art in person. Many galleries specialize in certain styles or artists. If you’re looking for “wall art painting near me,” local galleries are a great starting point.
- Online Art Marketplaces: Platforms like Saatchi Art, Etsy for independent artists, and Artsy provide vast selections, often at competitive prices, and allow you to browse works from artists worldwide. Sales through online channels have steadily increased, representing over 15% of the total art market share in 2022.
- Art Fairs: Events like Art Basel or smaller regional fairs are excellent for discovering new artists, seeing a wide range of works, and networking with gallerists and collectors.
- Artist Studios: Directly purchasing from an artist’s studio can offer a more personal experience and sometimes better pricing.
- Auction Houses: For more significant investments or rare pieces, auction houses like Sotheby’s or Christie’s are key players.
Caring for Your Wall Art Painting Investment
Proper care and maintenance are crucial to preserving the beauty and value of your wall art painting, ensuring it remains a cherished part of your home for years to come.
Environmental Considerations for Wall Art Painting
The environment in which your artwork is displayed plays a significant role in its longevity. Raw photo viewer
- Humidity and Temperature: Extreme fluctuations can cause materials to expand and contract, leading to cracking, warping, or mold growth. Aim for stable conditions: generally, 50-55% relative humidity and temperatures between 68-72°F 20-22°C are ideal. Studies show that artwork stored in uncontrolled environments can degrade 2-3 times faster than those in climate-controlled conditions.
- Direct Sunlight: UV rays from direct sunlight can fade colors, weaken canvas, and cause pigments to deteriorate over time, especially for wall art painting canvas pieces.
- Pollutants: Smoke, dust, and airborne pollutants can accumulate on the surface of your painting, dulling its appearance and potentially causing damage. Keep your home well-ventilated and regularly clean air filters.
Cleaning and Handling Your Wall Art Painting
Gentle and infrequent cleaning is key.
For valuable pieces, professional cleaning is always recommended.
- Dusting: Gently dust the surface of your painting with a soft, dry brush or a microfiber cloth. Avoid using water or chemical cleaners unless specifically instructed by a conservator, as these can damage certain mediums.
- Handling: When moving a painting, always hold it by the frame or the stretcher bars, not the canvas itself, to avoid stretching or damaging the surface. Wear clean cotton gloves if possible to prevent transferring oils from your skin.
- Framing: For paper-based art or watercolors, professional framing with acid-free materials and UV-protective glass is essential to prevent yellowing, fading, and damage from environmental factors.
Protecting Your Wall Art Painting for Longevity
Proactive measures can prevent many common forms of damage.
- Proper Hanging: Ensure your artwork is securely hung with appropriate hardware for its weight. A painting falling can cause irreversible damage. Use two hooks for larger, heavier pieces to distribute weight evenly.
- Avoid Over-Touching: The oils and dirt from hands can degrade the surface over time.
- Pest Control: Insects like silverfish or moths can damage canvas and frames. Regular cleaning and vigilance can help prevent infestations.
- Insurance: For valuable wall art painting pieces, consider specialized art insurance. This provides financial protection against theft, damage, or loss due to unforeseen circumstances. According to art insurance brokers, premium art pieces are often insured for 1% of their value annually, a testament to the importance of protection.
By diligently following these guidelines, you can ensure your cherished wall art painting remains vibrant and intact, continuing to inspire and beautify your living space for generations.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are popular styles of wall art painting for living room?
Where can I find wall art painting near me?
You can find wall art painting near you by visiting local art galleries, independent artist studios, community art fairs, or by searching online marketplaces that allow filtering by location.
What are some easy wall art painting ideas on canvas for beginners?
Easy ideas for beginners include abstract pour painting, geometric tape art, stenciling, or creating textured art with modeling paste before painting.
Can a wall art painting machine replicate any design?
A wall art painting machine can replicate a wide range of digital designs with high precision, but it typically lacks the nuanced texture, emotional depth, and unique imperfections of a hand-painted piece.
What should I consider for wall art painting design in a small apartment?
For a small apartment, consider lighter colors, abstract or minimalist designs that don’t overwhelm the space, and pieces that are appropriately scaled to the wall size and surrounding furniture.
What kind of wall art painting jobs are available?
Wall art painting jobs include mural artist, set painter for film/theater, decorative painter specializing in faux finishes, art instructor, and digital wall art designer.
How do I choose the right size for my wall art painting?
As a general rule, the artwork should be approximately two-thirds the width of the furniture it hangs above, and for an empty wall, ensure the piece is substantial enough to make an impact without being too small. Word perfect wiki
Is investing in wall art painting a good financial decision?
Yes, investing in wall art painting, especially original pieces by reputable artists or emerging talents, can be a good financial decision, as the art market can show appreciation over time.
How do I care for my wall art painting canvas?
Care for your canvas painting by keeping it away from direct sunlight and extreme humidity, dusting it gently with a soft, dry cloth, and handling it carefully by the frame.
What are the main differences between acrylic and oil wall art painting?
Acrylic paints dry quickly, are water-soluble when wet, and vibrant, while oil paints dry slowly, offer rich depth of color, and allow for seamless blending.
Can I use watercolors for wall art painting on canvas?
While traditionally for paper, watercolors can be used on canvas with proper preparation priming to achieve a translucent, ethereal effect, though they are more delicate.
What is mixed media wall art painting?
Mixed media wall art painting combines various materials and techniques in one piece, such as paint, collage, pastels, or three-dimensional objects, to create unique textures and visual interest.
How does wall art painting influence the mood of a room?
The colors, scale, and subject matter of a wall art painting can profoundly influence a room’s mood.
Warm colors evoke energy, cool colors promote calm, and large pieces can make a statement.
What are permissible alternatives for wall art in Islam?
Permissible alternatives for wall art in Islam include calligraphy especially Quranic verses or names of Allah, geometric patterns, arabesque designs, and abstract art inspired by nature.
Why is figurative depiction often discouraged in Islamic wall art painting?
Figurative depiction of living beings is often discouraged in Islamic wall art painting to prevent any association with idolatry or the imitation of Allah’s unique ability to create life.
How can I make my DIY wall art painting look professional?
To make DIY wall art look professional, use quality materials, ensure crisp lines e.g., with painter’s tape, practice good composition, and consider framing your finished piece. Arw file lightroom
What are common mistakes to avoid when hanging wall art painting?
Common mistakes include hanging artwork too high, choosing a piece that’s too small for the wall, or failing to use appropriate hardware for the weight of the painting.
How often should I clean my wall art painting?
Dust your wall art painting gently a few times a year with a soft, dry brush.
Avoid frequent or aggressive cleaning, and consult a professional for deeper cleaning.
Can wall art painting increase the value of my home?
Yes, well-chosen, quality wall art painting can enhance a home’s aesthetic appeal, and in the case of significant art investments or murals, it can contribute to an increase in property value.
What kind of lighting is best for wall art painting?
Optimal lighting for wall art painting includes picture lights mounted above the frame, adjustable track lighting, or well-placed ambient lighting, ensuring no direct sunlight exposure.
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